• Introduction
• Arguments and Modifiers
• Argument Order
• Clause Types
• Comparatives
• Coordination
• Demonyms
• Determiners
• Imperatives
• Interjections
• Possessives
• Pronouns
• Punctuation
• Questions
• Specific Lexical Items
• Tokenization
• request update

In a slight departure from CCGrebank, we do not use the special punctuation categories (,, ., :, ;, LRB, RRB, LQU, RQU) or the corresponding punctuation rules. Instead, we give punctuation symbols real CCG modifier categories that, unlike real modifiers, are specified for → clause type. We combine them with constituents via application.

Sentence-final Punctuation

Sentence-final punctuation attaches at the top level via application. For example:

Application, not composition, is also used for imperatives:

Punctuation Separating Head and Modifier

Puncutation, especially commas, often appears between a head and its modifier. The rule is then to attach punctuation to the modifier, e.g., the subordinate clause. For example:

Commas before Conjunctions

A comma that appears immediately before a conjunction – such as the Oxford comma – attaches directly to that conjunction:

Commas before Appositions

Commas before appositions are analyzed like conjunctions in → coordination. For example:

Commas Surrounding Modifiers

When a modifier such as an apposition or a VP modifier is surrounded by commas, the comma on the right attaches to the whole noun phrase, including the apposition and its argument:

Quotes

Quotation marks surrounding a constituent attach in a right-branching fashion. For example:

Direct Speech

A sentence that appears as direct speech is treated like a sentential complement. The quotation marks do not change its category. For example:

Use-mention Conversion

Other than direct speech, when quotes surround a linguistic expression that is mentioned, the expression is analyzed as if it was used (even if it is in another language), then the right quote gets a category that converts the use category to the mention category (usually NP). For example:

Vocatives

When a vocative precedes or follows an utterance, separated by a comma, the comma attaches to the utterance, but takes the vocative as an argument first: